伏马菌素对免疫调节影响的研究进展?
作者:郝庆卯 姚荣芬 邢凌霄 张祥宏
【关键词】 伏马菌素; 免疫功能; 影响
伏马菌素(Fumonisin)是由串珠镰刀菌产生的水溶性的代谢产物,1988年,Gelderblom等首次从串珠镰刀菌中分离出。到目前为止,发现的伏马菌素有FA1、FA2、FB1、FB2、FB3、FB4、FC1、FC2、FC3、FC4和FP1共11种,其中FB1是主要组成成分。伏马菌素可以引起人和其他动物急性和慢性中毒,并且有种属特异性和器官特异性。在不同的动物,伏马菌素引起不同的疾病,例如伏马菌素引起马脑白质软化综合征、猪肺水肿和鼠肝肾损伤,甚至可以诱发鼠肝癌。并且发现在食管癌高发区伏马菌素污染水平很高,两者具有明显的相关性。近年来,伏马菌素导致动物和人的免疫功能改变引起了研究者极大的兴趣。
1 伏马菌素对脾脏和胸腺的影响
给小鼠静脉注射FB1(1.55 mg/kg ),实验组85%导致脾脏细胞DNA断裂[1]。皮下注射FB1(2.25 mg·kg-1·d-1),雌性小鼠脾脏和胸腺重量明显下降,而雄性小鼠脾脏和胸腺无改变。雌性小鼠脾细胞和淋巴细胞增殖率下降,脾内T淋巴细胞数量增加,而胸腺中未成熟的CD4+/CD8+双阳性细胞数量下降,而雄性不受影响。说明雌性比雄性更敏感[2]。给大鼠腹腔连续数天注射FB1(7.5 mg·kg-1·d-1)导致胸腺重量下降、播散性坏死[3]。给鸡饲喂(200 mg·kg-1·d-1)FB1,也可导致胸腺重量下降。在体外实验(FB1,5和 50 μg/ml),脾脏细胞的生存能力和有丝分裂能力降低,并有时间和计量依赖关系。在高剂量组,胸腺细胞活力受到影响,但不影响细胞的有丝分裂[4]。
2 伏马菌素对淋巴细胞的影响
用0.01~25 mg/ml FB1、FB2、HFB1(FB1的完全水解产物)分别处理鸡的外周血淋巴细胞72 h,发现淋巴细胞增殖率下降,对淋巴细胞抑制FB2>FB1>HFB1。FB1处理组可见凋亡DNA碎片和形态学改变,光镜下细胞质浓缩,胞膜出现疱疹样改变[5]。用FB1(10 μmol/ml)处理猪外周血单个核细胞,其外周血单个核细胞增殖下降,细胞G0/G1百分比增加,这些现象发生在所有淋巴细胞亚群(CD2+, CD4+, CD8+)[6]。用FB1(10和50 μmol/L)处理人外周血单个核细胞,发现人外周血单个核细胞HLA?I mRNA的表达受到抑制[7]。也有报道FB1对人的外周血淋巴细胞增殖几乎无影响。给SD大鼠饲喂FB1(0、5、15、25 mg/kg),雄性大鼠脾脏单个核细胞空泡形成,并有剂量依赖关系,而雌性组无改变。丝裂素诱导淋巴细胞转化受到影响,而T细胞亚群、NK细胞活性和吞噬作用无影响[8]。给牛饲喂FB1(148 mg·kg-1·d-1),淋巴细胞原始化明显[9]。
3 伏马菌素对巨噬细胞的影响
给猪饲喂FB1(0.5 mg·kg-1·d-1),支气管肺泡灌洗液中巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞增多[10]。巨噬细胞的吞噬能力被抑制。用FB1(1 mg/ml)孵育原代培养的猪肺巨噬细胞,活的细胞数和吞噬能力下降,并出现DNA梯带和核碎裂的凋亡现象[11]。给鸡饲喂FB1(61 ppm)、FB2(10.5 ppm),第2周胸腺和脾脏重量降低,组织学上无改变时,巨噬细胞的吞噬能力下降34%,而NK细胞功能不受影响[12]。FB1对肝脏巨噬细胞细胞因子的影响必须在肝脏上皮细胞存在时才有作用[13]。
4 伏马菌素对细胞因子的影响
给小鼠皮下注射FB1(2.25 mg·kg-1·d-1),在雄性,TNF?α、IFN?γ和IL?12在肝内表达升高。IL?1β在肝肾表达增加[14]。雌性小鼠脾脏细胞IL?2mRNA表达下降,而TNF?α和IL?1mRNA表达无改变[2]。在IFN?γ基因敲除小鼠,肝脏的IFN?γ和IL?12明显减少[15]。给雌性小鼠脑室内连续灌注含有FB1(总量100 μg)的生理盐水,结果引起胶质细胞TNF?α、IL?1、IL?6和IFN?γ高表达。单次给小鼠皮下注射FB1(2.25 mg/kg)脑组织TNF?α、IL?1、IL?6和IFN?γ的表达不受影响[16]。
FB1处理猪外周血淋巴细胞引起IL?4在蛋白和mRNA表达下降,IFN?γ表达增强[17]。给鸡饲喂FB1(15 mg/kg),可显著降低巨噬细胞IL?1和IL?2的表达[18]。
5 伏马菌素对其他免疫功能的影响
给鸡饲喂FB1(200 mg·kg-1·d-1),在第2周和第3周注射0.25 ml成病毒疫苗(NDV),注射疫苗7 d后检测抗NDV抗体,发现特异性抗体明显降低[4]。在猪FB1也可导致特异性抗体的降低,并且雄性比雌性更加敏感[19]。但也有报道长期低剂量和短期高剂量对猪的体液和细胞的特异性免疫和非特异性免疫均无影响[20]。鸡饲喂FB(200 mg·kg-1·d-1),3周后静脉注射4.6×106大肠杆菌,注射后60、120、180 min取血,180 min取肝、脾、肺。处理组血、脾、肝中细菌菌落数明显高于对照组。给猪饲喂FB1(150 mg/kg)可以显著增加沙门菌的感染程度[21]。
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