慢性乙型肝炎不同脾虚兼证与外周血树突状细胞表型及功能的关系
作者:王磊, 冯晓霞, 张玮, 邢练军, 郑培永, 季光
【摘要】 目的:研究慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B, CHB)患者不同脾虚兼证与外周血树突状细胞(dendritic cell, DC)表型及功能的关系。方法:CHB患者60例,按中医证候诊断标准分为脾虚肝郁、脾虚湿热和脾肾两虚组,每组20例,10名健康人为正常对照。分离各组外周血单个核细胞,体外诱导培养DC,流式细胞仪测定DC表型,酶联免疫吸附检测法测定DC分泌白细胞介素10(interleukin?10, IL?10)浓度,同步检测患者生化指标及乙肝病毒的脱氧核糖核酸(hepatitis B virus DNA, HBV?DNA)水平。结果:CHB患者DC体外诱导增殖能力较正常人下降,DC成熟表面标记物显著低于正常人(P<0.05)。不同证候CHB患者DC表面标记物CD80、CD86和CD1a表达阳性率均低于正常人(P<0.05)。脾虚肝郁证患者CD80、CD1a和HLA?DR表达阳性率显著高于脾肾两虚证(P<0.05),脾虚湿热证患者CD1a表达阳性率显著高于脾肾两虚证(P<0.05)。CHB患者DC培养上清中IL?10浓度显著高于正常人(P<0.05)。脾肾两虚证患者DC培养上清中IL?10含量高于脾虚肝郁证(P<0.05)。结论:在CHB发病过程中,不同脾虚兼证CHB患者DC的表型及功能间存在差异,提示中医证候分类与机体免疫功能之间存在一定相关性。
【关键词】 慢性乙型肝炎; 树突状细胞; 中医学; 脾虚; 证候
Objective: To study the phenotypes and functions of dendritic cells (DCs) derived from peripheral blood monocytes of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with different traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome types, and to explore the relationship between TCM syndrome type and DC functions.
Methods: Sixty CHB patients were included in this study. All the CHB patients were divided into spleen deficiency and liver stagnation, spleen deficiency and dampness?heat and deficiency of both spleen and kidney groups according to TCM syndrome diagnosis standard. There were 20 cases in each group, and ten healthy people were included as normal control. The volunteer’s peripheral blood was collected for monocyte separation, biochemical test and hepatitis B virus DNA loads detection. DCs were induced and isolated from peripheral blood monocytes, and then the expressions of surface markers CD80, CD86, CD1a and HLA?DR were detected by flow cytometric analysis method. Interleukin?10 (IL?10) production of the DCs was quantified by enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: The proliferation of DCs in the CHB patients was slower than that in the healthy volunteers (P<0.05). The expressions of DC surface molecules such as CD80, CD86, and CD1a were obviously decreased in the CHB patients as compared with those in the healthy volunteers (P<0.05). More over, expressions of DC surface molecules were different among CHB patients with different TCM syndrome types. The positive expressions of CD80, CD1a, and HLA?DR in the CHB patients with spleen deficiency and liver stagnation were obviously higher than those in the CHB patients with deficiency of both spleen and kidney (P<0.05), and the CD1a expression in the CHB patients with spleen deficiency and dampness?heat was higher than that in the CHB patients with deficiency of both spleen and kidney (P<0.05). In DC culture supernatant, the IL?10 concentration of the CHB patients with deficiency of both spleen and kidney was higher than that of the CHB patients with spleen deficiency and liver stagnation (P<0.05), and the IL?10 concentrations of the CHB patients with different TCM syndrome types were higher than that of the healthy volunteers (P<0.05).
Conclusion: During the pathogenic course of CHB, the phenotypes and functions of DCs are different in CHB patients with different TCM syndrome types. It suggests that there is a correlation between TCM syndrome type and body immunity function.
Keywords: chronic hepatitis B; dendritic cell; traditional Chinese medicine; spleen deficiency; syndrome
外周血树突状细胞(dendritic cell, DC)是人体内功能最强的抗原提呈细胞(antigen?presenting cell, APC),其功能状态直接影响细胞和体液免疫应答。研究显示慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B, CHB)患者存在不同程度的免疫耐受[1, 2],特别是存在树突状细胞功能缺陷,而健脾类中药可改善CHB患者树突状细胞功能,提高机体免疫功能[3]。以脾虚为主的不同中医(traditional Chinese medicine, TCM)证候分类之间可能存在DC活性的差别,本研究旨在研究CHB不同中医证候分类患者DC表型及功能差异,探讨DC成熟障碍的证候生物学特点。
1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料
1.1.1 研究对象 健康志愿者10名,为上海中医药大学龙华职工。CHB患者60例,来自上海中医药大学龙华医院肝科2008年6~12月门诊患者。其中男37例,年龄19~60岁,平均(39.1±12.4)岁,病程2~20年,平均(9.6±3.5)年;女23例,年龄23~59岁,平均(44.1±8.8)岁,病程2~19年,平均(10.4±3.6)年。
1.1.2 诊断标准 西医诊断标准参照2000年中华医学会《病毒性肝炎防治方案》[4]标准。中医证候分类标准参照《中药新药临床研究指导原则》[5]及《中医诊断学》5版教材[6],以临床表现及舌苔脉象为依据制定脾虚肝郁、脾虚湿热和脾肾两虚证候判别标准。入选病例半年内均未接受免疫调节,两周内未接受中药治疗。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 试剂仪器 双抗培养液RPMI 1640培养基购自美国Sigma公司;胎牛血清购自兰州民海生物工程有限公司;粒细胞?巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte?macrophage colony?stimulating factor, GM?CSF)、重组人白细胞介素4(recombinant human interleukin?4, rhIL?4)和肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor?α, TNF?α)购自美国Peprotech公司;荧光标记CD80?FITC、CD86?PE、CD1a?PECY5和HLA?DR?APC单克隆抗体购自美国BD公司;白细胞介素10 (interleukin?10, IL?10)试剂盒购自美国Rapidbio公司;FACS Calibur流式细胞仪为美国BD公司产品。
1.2.2 中医证候判定标准 (1)脾虚证:凡具有食少纳呆、体倦乏力、食后腹胀、大便异常等症状任意2项者,即诊断脾虚证。(2)脾虚肝郁证:符合脾虚证诊断,并具有胸胁、少腹胀痛,嗳气、吞酸,情绪抑郁或烦躁易怒,善太息,口干苦或咽部如有物梗阻感等症状任意3项者,即诊断脾虚肝郁证。(3)脾虚湿热证:符合脾虚证诊断,并具有口渴少饮,便溏不爽,肢体困重,身热不扬,舌质红、苔黄腻,脉濡数等症状任意3项(舌象必备)者,即诊断脾虚湿热证。(4)脾肾两虚证:符合脾虚证诊断,并具有腰膝酸软、性欲减退、畏寒肢冷、夜尿频多、五心烦热等症状任意2项者,即诊断脾肾两虚证。
1.2.3 肝功能及乙肝病毒脱氧核糖核酸检测 丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)和总胆红素(total bilirubin, TBIL)检测由上海中医药大学龙华医院检验科完成,乙肝病毒脱氧核糖核酸(hepatitis B virus DNA, HBV?DNA)由上海艾迪康医学检验中心完成。
1.2.4 单个核细胞的分离 采集患者外周血10 mL,肝素(40 U/mL)抗凝,密度梯度离心法获取单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell, PBMC),无血清RPMI 1640悬浮沉淀细胞、计数,调整细胞浓度为2×106~6×106/mL,各组均以每孔1.5 mL,置于6孔板中,37 ℃、5% CO2孵箱中温育2 h,去除未贴壁细胞,获得单个核细胞。
1.2.5 DC体外定向诱导分化和培养 按照Romaru等分离培养DC的方法[7, 8],并稍作修改。单核细胞用无血清RPMI 1640清洗3次,加入10%胎牛血清RPMI 1640培养液,重组GM?CSF 100 ng/mL和rhIL?4 100 ng/mL终浓度加入细胞因子,37 ℃、5% CO2培养,隔日半量换液1次(含细胞因子重组GM?CSF 50 ng/mL,rhIL?4 50 ng/mL),第5天补加TNF?α 100 ng/mL,共培养7 d,收集DC。
1.2.6 DC形态和增殖观察 于第1、3、5和7天,用倒置相差显微镜观察DC的形态特征及增殖状况,扫描显微镜观察成熟DC形态。
1.2.7 DC表面分子的测定 培养第7天的DC细胞,流式细胞仪检测DC表面分子CD80、CD86、CD1a和HLA?DR的表达水平,按照上述抗体说明书提供的操作步骤进行。
1.2.8 白细胞介素10的测定 收集培养第7天的DC细胞上清液,酶联免疫吸附检测(enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)法检测DC培养上清液中细胞因子IL?10浓度。
1.3 统计学方法 数据用x±s表示,组间率的比较采用方差分析,两两比较采用最小显著差异(least significant difference, LSD)法和Game?Howell法,用SPSS 12.0版软件分析。
2 结果
2.1 DC形态及增殖 外周血获取的PBMC,贴壁培养2 h后,获得的贴壁细胞为单核细胞;培养第3天,见贴壁单核细胞聚集成均匀散布的细胞聚体;培养第5天,可见部分细胞成簇、聚集样增生,形态变为轻度不规则形;培养第7天,培养孔中可见大部分细胞悬浮不贴壁,形态不规则,倒置相差显微镜观察可见伸展的大量毛刺(图1)。贴壁培养第7天,扫描电子显微镜观察示细胞表面粗糙,有大量皱折和不规则突起形成典型DC形态(图2)。DC在体外经细胞因子的刺激可明显增殖,但CHB患者DC的增殖能力较正常人低。
图1 不同贴壁培养时间的DC形态(倒置相差显微镜,×200)(略)
Figure 1 Morphology of DC at different time points after adherent cultivation (Inverted phase contrast microscopy, ×200)
A: Two hours after adherent cultivation; B: Day three after adherent cultivation; C: Day five after adherent cultivation; D: Day seven after adherent cultivation.
2.2 不同中医证候分类CHB患者肝功能及HBV?DNA测定 不同中医证候分类CHB患者肝功能各指标及HBV?DNA载量比较,差异均无统计学意义。见表1。
2.3 不同中医证候分类CHB患者DC表型 流式细胞检测结果显示,不同中医证候分类CHB患者DC表面分子CD80、CD86、CD1a表达阳性率均低于正常人群(P<0.05),脾虚湿热和脾肾两虚证患者HLA?DR表达阳性率亦低于正常人(P<0.05);其中,脾虚肝郁证患者CD80、CD1a和HLA?DR表达阳性率显著高于脾肾两虚证(P<0.05);脾虚湿热证患者CD1a表达阳性率显著高于脾肾两虚证(P<0.05)。见表2和图3。
2.4 不同中医证候分类CHB患者DC培养上清液IL?10含量 脾虚肝郁、脾虚湿热和脾肾两虚证CHB患者DC培养上清液IL?10含量分别为(37.96±29.79)ng/L、(57.49±34.41)ng/L和(68.09±47.58)ng/L,均显著高于正常人的(12.51±5.62)ng/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。脾肾两虚证IL?10含量亦高于脾虚肝郁证(P<0.05),而与脾虚湿热证比较,差异无统计学意义。
图2 贴壁培养第7天的成熟DC形态(扫描显微镜,×3 000)(略)
Figure 2 Morphology of mature DC at day seven after adherent cultivation (Electronmicroscopy, ×3 000)
表1 不同中医证候分类CHB患者肝功能及HBV?DNA水平(略)
Table 1 Biochemistry and HBV?DNA loads of CHB patients with different TCM syndrome type
表2 不同中医证候分类CHB患者的DC表型(略)
Table 2 Expressions of DC surface markers in CHB patients with different TCM syndrome type
*P<0.05, vs normal control group; △P<0.05, vs spleen deficiency and liver stagnation group; ▲P<0.05, vs spleen deficiency and dampness?heat group.
图3 不同中医证候分类CHB患者的DC表面标记物表达(略)
Figure 3 Expressions of DC surface markers in CHB patients with different TCM syndrome type
A: Normal control group; B: Spleen deficiency and liver stagnation group; C: Spleen deficiency and dampness?heat group; D: Deficiency of spleen and kidney group.
3 讨论
已有研究表明,脾虚是CHB患者共同的病理基础,以脾虚为基础的不同证候分类之间存在免疫功能差异,并直接影响中药的疗效[3]。本研究是在以脾虚为主证的基础上分析不同兼证类型CHB患者DC功能,为中医药抗HBV提供临床证据。
DC广泛分布于血液、肝、脾、淋巴结以及其他非免疫组织器官中,数量极微,仅占外周血单核细胞的1%以下,但却是最重要的一类抗原提呈细胞。未成熟DC位于抗原入侵部位,具有捕获、处理抗原的能力,在摄取抗原后,可自发成熟,获得激活初始型T细胞能力,完成免疫激发功能。成熟的DC表面高表达Ⅰ类主要组织相容性复合体、Ⅱ类主要组织相容性复合体、CD80、CD86、CD40及白细胞黏附分子3、细胞间黏附分子1和细胞间黏附分子3[2, 9]。近年来,大量研究表明,CHB患者外周血DC数量减少,表型不成熟,功能缺陷,导致抗原无法被有效地提呈给CD4+辅助性T淋巴细胞和CD8+细胞毒T淋巴细胞,从而导致其激活特异性抗病毒免疫反应,特别是细胞免疫反应的能力低下,从而使乙肝趋于慢性化[10]。
研究结果显示,不同中医证候CHB患者基础生化指标和病毒载量比较,差异均无统计学意义。DC表面分子CD80、CD86和CD1a水平差异有统计学意义,而且各表面分子表达呈脾虚肝郁证>脾虚湿热证>脾肾两虚证的趋势,脾虚肝郁证CD80、CD1a、HLA?DR表达阳性率显著高于脾肾两虚证,说明以脾虚为主的肝郁证患者DC成熟度显著高于肾虚证,肾虚证DC成熟缺陷最为明显。CHB患者初期以肝郁、湿热多见而后期多见肾虚,结合本研究结果说明机体免疫和中医证候存在相关性。由于样本量有限,脾虚湿热和脾肾两虚证与机体免疫相关性的差异不明显,如扩大样本量结果可能更加满意。另一方面也反映免疫低下与中医正气不足的相关性。脾、肾,一为先天之本,一为后天之本,二者俱虚,则正气亏虚无力驱邪外出,因此免疫力低下,表现出DC成熟缺陷尤为突出,而脾虚肝郁和脾虚湿热证虽有脾虚但病邪尚未及下焦,先天之本虚损较轻,DC成熟缺陷较脾肾两虚证轻。
IL?12是迄今为止所发现的DC细胞释放的最有效的细胞毒T淋巴细胞和杀伤细胞活性刺激因子,在机体抗病毒和抗肿瘤等一系列免疫病理条件下均能发挥关键作用。而IL?10是一种抑制性细胞因子,它可以通过抑制DC分化成熟及抑制IL?12的分泌来降低DC的抗原提呈功能。虽然IL?12对于DC功能来说有重要作用,但IL?12不稳定,检测误差较大,同时与正常人DC的增殖率相比,CHB患者较低,考虑细胞数量对IL?12的影响,未将其作为检测对象;而抑制性细胞因子IL?10,恰恰能利用这一差异更好地解释抑制性细胞因子与中医病机的相关性以及乙肝免疫耐受的病理机制。脾肾两虚、脾虚湿热和脾虚肝郁证DC培养上清IL?10浓度依次递减,其中脾肾两虚与脾虚肝郁证IL?10浓度比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),提示抑制性细胞因子可能与中医虚实病机存在一定相关性,是构成虚实病机的物质基础之一。因此,通过中药调节来减少免疫抑制因子的分泌,有助于打破乙肝免疫耐受,提高CHB综合治疗效果。脾肾两虚证患者与其他两证患者相比,DC成熟缺陷更为明显,该类患者免疫机能最为低下,对病毒的清除更加困难。因此,在CHB的治疗上要注重培补正气,使正气充沛以驱邪外出,充分发挥中医综合治疗特色,提高中医药疗效。
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