阿司匹林抵抗与基因多态性的研究进展
2.4 ADP受体P2Y1基因的变化 ADP是血小板聚集的重要介质，ADP的调节作用是通过与血小板表面G蛋白偶联P2Y受体相连接而实现的。迄今为止已有8种P2Y受体亚型被克隆，对P2Y1和P2Y12的研究较清楚。Gαq偶联P2Y1受体与ADP结合，使钙离子释放，改变血小板形状，使血小板聚集。另一种主要的受体P2Y12与G蛋白Gi偶联,抑制腺苷酸环化酶，活化磷酸肌酸激酶3，活化GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体。任何一个受体的抑制均会引起血小板聚集的显著减少。
ADP通过P2Y1和P2Y12受体刺激血小板的激活和聚集，这些受体的突变与止血异常有关，任何一个受体的抑制均会引起血小板聚集的显著减少。阿司匹林以协同方式减少这些情况的发生[16]。P2Y12和阿司匹林的复合拮抗作用已在临床上被证实可显著减少血栓事件的发生[17]。因此，ADP受体P2Y1基因的相应功能变化能够改变ADP的信号功能，并且能降低对阿司匹林(包括P2Y12抑制剂，如噻氯匹啶和氯吡格雷)的反应性，导致血栓前状态的产生和对阿司匹林的反应性降低。
Fontana等[18]在98名健康研究对象中发现了P2Y12受体5种多态性，其中4种是完全连锁不平衡。这导致两种单倍体产生，H1 (86%)和H2 (14% ) 。携带H2单倍体的受试者使用较低浓度的ADP (2 μm) ，血小板聚集增多。纯合子H1 (H1 /H1)平均聚集率为34. 7% (n= 74) ，有一个H2等位基因(H1 /H2，n= 21)聚集率为67. 9% ，在有2个H2等位基因(H2 /H2，n=3)聚集率高达82. 5%。这提示P2Y12多态性在阿司匹林抵抗中可能起作用。近来发现P2Y1 受体A1622G多态性与血小板对ADP反应不同相关。携带少见的G等位基因对ADP反应更强。Jefferson等[19]在332例男性有心肌梗死史的患者中研究发现阿司匹林抵抗患者与P2Y1基因C893T多态性密切相关。携带杂合子C893T等位基因患者与携带常见纯合子C893等位基因者相比阿司匹林抵抗率高出3倍，机制尚不清楚。
以上综述了近年来关于基因多态性与阿司匹林抵抗关系的研究结果。由于没有国际公认的对阿司匹林抵抗的定义，多数研究样本量较小，研究结果间还存在很多矛盾，迄今为止遗传对阿司匹林抵抗的作用并不确切。所以仍需继续开展大规模和不同种族人群中的前瞻性研究来证实这些基因多态性与AR有关。
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