海外珍禽“倒挂鳥”考
来源:岁月联盟
时间:2010-09-06
Abstract: The beautiful bird named Phoenix Tree Bird and Little Green Phoenix or Lofu Phoenix or Bird-of-hanging-upside-down had been won universal praises for being mentioned in the poems and compositions by Li Deyu, Su Shi, Wu Lai and so on in Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties. It is difficult to be identified because the writers in the ancient times described the figure and life of the birds from the point of ‘natural history’, and the records always did not seemed exact and scientific. Based on new collection and analysis of the relative materials, this article will point out: The anterior was Green-tailed Sunbird and the latter was Blue Bird-of-paradise or Red Bird-of-paradise that hang upside down sometimes at the branches of the trees and live in Irian Island and the vicinities of it governed by Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. It could be believed: there were some markets for rare birds sold in Southeast Asia in Middle Ages, for Chinese emperors had got the Paradise Birds in the way of so-called contribution of the missions from those countries in Jawa and Kalimantan Islands.
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早在唐代前期,就曾提到過一種被稱爲“桐花鳥”、或“桐花鳳”的嬌豔小鳥。張鷟《朝野僉載》補輯:“劍南彭、蜀間有鳥大如指,五色畢具。有冠似鳳,食桐花。每桐結花即來,桐花落即去,不知何之。俗謂之桐花鳥。極馴善,止於婦人釵上,客終席不飛。人愛之,無所害也”。[1]逮至李氏中葉,曾任宰相的李德裕,在“專題”的賦中較爲詳細地介紹了這種生活在益州亦成都府、今四川成都市城郊的可愛生靈。《會昌一品集》卷別一〈畫桐華鳳扇賦,並序〉:“成都夾岷江,磯岸多植紫桐。每至春暮,有靈禽五色,小於玄鳥,來集桐華,以飲朝露。及華落,則煙飛雨散,不知其所往。有名工繢於素扇,以賚稚子,余因作小賦書於扇上。桐始華兮綠江曙,粲鮮葩兮泫清露。樹煜煜兮霞舒,鳥爛爛兮星布。彼嘉桐兮貞且猗,當春暮兮發英蕤。豈鵷雛之珍族,又棲託乎瓊枝?彼零露兮甘且白。涵曉月兮灑鮮澤,豈青鳥之靈儔?常飲吮乎玉液,有嘉穀而不啄,有喬松而不適。獨美露而愛桐,非人間之羽翮。逮華落而春歸,忽雨散而川寂。悵丹穴之何遠!想瑤池而已隔”。“宛宛兮若餐珠於芳蕊,飄飄兮疑振羽於光風”。“青春晚兮芳節闌,敷紫華兮蔭碧湍。美斯鳥兮類鵷鸞,具體微兮容色丹”。[2]
下至唐末、五代,“桐花鳳”的諸項“特徵”相繼由時人的詩作得到證實。《全唐詩》卷四六八劉言史〈歲暮題楊錄事江亭〉:“垂絲蜀客涕濡衣,歲盡長沙未得歸。腸斷